Article 244 1 and fifth schedule provide administration of scheduled areas - presently 10 states and ST notified by president based on Dhebar panel criteria - compact area. Population. Underdevelopment.
It provides
Governor powers for good governance : modify Central and state laws; prepare annual reports; make regulations
Union can issue directions to State for St
Tribal advisory council with 20 members to advise governor
Issues. Xaxa panel 2014
Delayed and casual Governor reports - eg Gujarat.
Unmodified application of forest and wildlife laws devastated tribals like baigas.
Governors discretion rarely used. Eg inaction of Andhra governor in 2012 bauxite deal.
Political capture of TAC. Token meetings and poor functioning. Andhra Pradesh Tak ignored on polavaram issue
States with tribals like Kerala or outside fifth schedule
Remedies
Setup governors cell for St
Bring tac under governors control
Restructure TAC and add local leaders in it
Expand schedule areas
As Jaipal Munda said, we need to bring initiative to tribals from state and governor.
case study 2018. The Hindu. Pathalgadi rebellion in fifth schedule areas khunti Gumla district. Ignored rivals and failure to provide development created discontent and ID people raised megalith to warn outsiders.