Political

Pre and post independent India period so this approach. Colonial rule used isolationist approach and created excluded areas for tribals. After independence, tribals were given protective, relief and development measures. But programs were imposed on tribals. After Panchsheel it shifted to integrative approach.

Administrative

Through tribal development agencies
There is lack of coordination, communication, state apathy, social scientists and administrators have lack of understanding.

Religious

Christian machineries, Arya Samaj and other religious Agencies for engaged in tribal welfare.
Bihar, northeast primary targets.
Great contribution in welfare works like education, economy, hygiene, social work. But also changed their spiritual and cultural dimensions. Creating a rift between Christian and non Christian tribals.

Voluntary agencies

post independence India show Bhartiya adimjati Seva Sangh, servants of India society, Red Cross Society.
Considerable humanitarian work but driven by ideal ISM and could not understand tribal organisation, values and problems.
they fail to realize that there well intentioned reforms maybe injurious to the tribes in terms of their socio cultural life. Vidyarthi 1985.

Anthropological

Scope of tribal development and welfare activities.
Integration of tribal welfare and development activities
Role of government and statutory bodies, voluntary Agencies and tribal institutions.

Satisfaction of minimum needs. potable water comma food for work, health, sanitation, housing, order and nonformal education. but keeping self Reliance rather than welfare otherwise it will destroy tribal life as in Andaman tribals.
Control and management of productive resources. Recognise individual and community rights over resources. Prepare record of rights. While reducing administrative legal and political actions. Like strict Forest control by the state and exploitation of forests. Prevent alienation of tribal from resources and empower administrative, legal and political structures. Marketing of produce.
Employment Optimisation. tribals engaged in self employment, agriculture comma non agriculture, public sector, private sector and government services. Help their productivity, skilling, ensure tenancy rights, agricultural inputs, support migrant Tribals. Improve work conditions. Create inter XNX harmony with non tribals.
Broad based Participation of tribals in development. Participation in Planning and implementation.
Socio cultural and political aspects of national integration. Creating tribal policies in line with their language, culture and way of life. Designing legal, administrative and institutions according to their social cultural context.

Approaches to Tribal development 1-1