Changing agrarian relations 1-2

Agrarian relations

Britishers had commercialized agriculture and changed property relations. Vast sections of peasants were reduced to tenants or landless.

World Trade Organisation started. State withdrew from agriculture. State investment in agriculture declined
Multinational companies enter. Costly seeds pesticides and fertilizers against small and marginal farmers.

Peasant movement has declined and also the unity among various sections of peasantry. Because anti-imperialist struggle against the British vanished after independence. Landless labour emerged as a distinct class. various sections are landless labourers, small and marginal farmers, middle farmers, rich farmers. G S Bhalla 1983. Social scientist Publication.
1977. Kathleen gough in Thanjavur district noted that land ownership was becoming concentrated point new class of middle rich farmers was gradually displacing aristocratic landlords. Absentee landlord ownership increasing. Tenant evicted. Bonded labour disappearing but Underemployed and landless labour increased astronomically.
Industrialisation and Urbanisation allowed Migration.
Modern technology. Green revolution

Green Revolution. Specially in Punjab Haryana Tamil Nadu.
Due to mechanization in Odisha some rituals are going extinct whereas others are losing their significance or fun. K Mishra, N Mishra. Indian anthropologist 2006.
Big farmers went for self cultivation. Technology replaced labour. Huge inequality among farmers.

farmer debt. 500 farmers in Warangal committed suicide. Thousands suicide all over India.

Sugar cane. Farmers depend on mill owners for their areas. Protest and conflicts due to pending payments.
Tea plantation workers are paid low wages and no social security. Harassment continues.

Limited success. Tenancy legislations only drove tenancy underground. Informal tenancy exacerbated the misery of poor farmers.

constitutional bodies with women and SC ST representation. Empowering vulnerable groups. Reduce harassment by landlords and can avail government welfare benefits.

feminization of Agricultural sector. Economic survey 2017-18. Men are migrating there for women involved.
Markets

Money lenders still abuse their power. But financial inclusion reducing their influence.
Labour market and transportation has allowed migration which has weakend jajmani system in agriculture.
In villages local have opened shops and run by various castes and communities. S jidhka 2014 Haryana study. Emergent Ruralities: Revisiting Village Life and Agrarian Change in Haryana 2014.

S Jodhka 2014. in his study he found that less than 30 % of household identified cultivation as their primary occupation. Majority earns their livelihood from outside agriculture. Land ownership and cultivation continuous to be prerogative of dominant and upper castes. the legs have used education and reservation for getting jobs.

Dipankar Gupta Western up data analysis argues that large number of landless villages work in towns and cities in the day but returned at night or during the weekend.
Gradual shift of working population to non farm activities. Arvind Kumar Ghosh.
Recently agriculture not productive. creating farmer suicides, demands for reservation by jats and Patel.

Ask sir. What to add and what is missing.