India population and policy 1-1

Decadal growth rate
India has 16.9 % of world population. Population of 1.21 billion. Population density 382 per square kilometre. Therefore declining growth.
Birth rate is 19.3 rural 23.3 and urban 17.6. estimated death rate 7.3. World Population prospects 2017 estimate.
Fertility rate 2.2 and infant mortality rate 41. Nfhs 4.
Adult literacy rate 74.04 %. Decadal growth rate of 9.21%. male literacy 82.10 % female 65.50 %
Sex ratio 940. Child sex ratio zero to 6 years of age 914.
Meghalaya head highest decadal growth of 27.8 % point Nagaland had lowest growth rate of minus 0.5%. Dadra and Nagar Haveli grow at 55.5 % among union territories.
Nagaland Kerala Andhra Pradesh Sikkim Himachal Pradesh Punjab had low decadal growth. Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Jammu Kashmir Mizoram Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Rajasthan had high growth..
Arunachal Pradesh 17 Mizoram 52 Kashmir Sikkim Nagaland have low population density. Bihar 1102 West Bengal 1030 Kerala Uttar Pradesh have high population density. Among union territories Delhi 11297 has the highest population density followed by Chandigarh.
Sex ratio. Kerala 1084 Puducherry Tamil Nadu 996 have highest. Lowest in Daman and Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli Chandigarh and Delhi In the union territories. Haryana 879 Jammu Kashmir 889 Sikkim 890 Punjab 895 Bihar 918 Gujarat 919.
Literacy rate. 61.8 zero percent in Bihar 65.38% in Arunachal Pradesh 66.1 one percent in Rajasthan followed by Jharkhand Andhra Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh. Kerala 94 % Lakshadweep 91.8 5% Mizoram 91.3 3% followed by Goa Tripura Daman and Diu Andaman Nicobar delhi Chandigarh. Census 2001 had literacy rate of 75.26% 1991 had 52.74%

Causes of rapid growth of population

High birth rate

Predominance of agriculture. Children considered assets. During harvesting seeding and weeding.
Society believes children are support for old age.
Slow urbanization and predominance of villages. Therefore social change for less children has been slow. Even in cities value of more children remains.
Poverty. Children can support family income. PC Joshi believes that" poor classes associate income security with more children rather than less. Lower survival rate of children also requires more children so that few can survive."
Social factors.

Marriage at a low age. N C Das showed that women marrying before 20 and between the age of 20 and 24 have the same fertility. Fertility declines after marriage at age of 25.
Universality of marriage
Joint family. Induces young couple to have children. Burden of children is shared with the family.
Religious and social superstitions. More children especially a daughter has a religious married according to Manu in Hindu religion. Mamdani rights that in India it is considered one's dharma to have children. In fact childless women are frowned upon.
Lack of education. Women empowerment in economic and education is low. only this empowerment of masses and women can change attitude of people towards family marriage and birth of child.
Limited use of contraceptive.

Low death rate

Elimination of famines. Food security point Green Revolution. Irrigation
Control of epidemics Cholera and smallpox - earlier major epidemics - now under control. Decline in malaria and tuberculosis
Decline in poverty point sanitation and drinking water.
Medical facilities. Technology. Education. Immunization.

Immigration. But it is very minuscule.

with industrialisation organisation education health and women empowerment population will stabilize and Even decline.

Family planning

India tried family planning but didn't gain success. Because it did not integrate education, economic and social measures to back it up. with so much poverty and low level of consciousness it is difficult to implement family planning programme.
S Chandrasekhar, a leading Indian demographer, said that family planning is very difficult in implementation and very easy to plan.
Pravin visaria has observed the acceptance of contraception particularly sterilization, is delayed to an age when couple has already crossed the age of 30. By that time women have completed major part of their childbearing. Therefore effect of sterilization is small. But family planning has avoided sharp rise in Indian population.
3240 % women in the rural areas and 52 60% women in cities are aware of birth control devices.

Government steps

Family planning in five year plans.

Focus on small family norms, clinical approach, sterilization. Voluntary.
fifth five year plan significant shift. Family planning integrated with health, Maternity and child care. Nutrition focus.
Sixth five year plan went back to voluntary approach and did not envisage any coercive in methods. Following plans focused on couple protection and Central Government focused on policy planning and Technology inputs.
Role of Education, information technology, awareness programs recognised.

Policies.

1976 National Population Policy. until Ace policy family planning was voluntary and it was believed that importance of development and education was crucial for restricting population growth. But 1976 policy economic development as opposite to population growth. Therefore population growth needed to be checked in a mission mode. basically the government said that we cannot wait for education and economic development to reduce fertility. Population growth is hurting our economic development.
Direct measures taken. Like increasing the age of marriage to 21 years for males and 18 years for females. But its implementation was doubtful. Population values were introduced in education system. Monetary incentive for sterilization. Involved local governments Cooperative teachers and voluntary organisations to reduce population. Coercive sterilization during the emergency.
Nadeem Hasnain noted that there was moderate success in Punjab Maharashtra and Karnataka but miserable performance in bimaru States. Ashish Bose noted three main reasons for failure of India's family planning programme. Illiteracy failure to provide basic needs of people due to corruption. Failure to communicate with masses and persuade them.
Kiran karnik points out the approach

Health of mother and child
Gender equality
Female education
Increased age of marriage
Few and widely spaced children
Non terminal contraceptive methods.

National Population Policy 2000.

Reproductive and Child Health Services, supplies and infrastructure
Reduce infant mortality rate below 30 by 2010. Maternal mortality below 100 per lakh. Universal immunisation. 80% institutional deliveries.
promote delayed marriage. Universal access to counseling. 100% registration of births deaths and marriage and pregnancy.
Contain kids, sexually transmitted diseases.

Schemes. Maternity Benefit schemes. Agricultural support. Literacy campaign. Women empowerment. Healthcare infrastructure.
National Population stabilization fund. To support population control measures.

Impact of overpopulation

Poverty
Unemployment and underemployment
Low per capita income.
Pressure on resources. Water, food, would, fuel, metals, coal, energy.
increase burden of Sushil expenses in health sanitation, education, housing, medicine.
Lower standard of living
reduced savings in the economy and burden of spending on children.
Thereby creating conflict and unrest in the society.

1998 policy draft. X Doubtful Only Read X

government job aspirants who married before legal age were banned from recruitment.
Two child norm for Government employees.
Tax incentives for organised sector and financial tools like insurance used.
Concept of Panchsheel for gender relations. Equality of status, independence, observing possessiveness and extending assistance. Gender equity promoted. Equal role of men in family planning.
Prevent high risk pregnancies and healthy reproductive care.

Quality education, health services drive family size in India

India’s population growth story is far more complicated than its bringing down the total fertility rate (TFR) —the average number of births a woman has in her lifetime – to 2.3.
More than half of India’s population lives in states where the population has stopped growing, with the TFR in urban India and 18 states having fallen below the replacement level of 2.1, which is when the population stops growing.
The country’s demographic transition varies not just widely across regions and states, but also across districts
According to demographer Ansley Coale, fertility rates begin to fall in a sustained way when people consider fertility a conscious choice that they can control, when they believe that having smaller families is advantageous, and when reliable methods of contraception are widely available.
Every fifth person in India is an adolescent (10-19 years) and every third a young person (10-24 years). Every year, 12-14 million people enter the workforce, largely from the northern states.
Rapid fertility decline raises the share of working age population( ages 15-49 years) and leads to a corresponding fall in the dependency ratio. After a few decades, however, this demographic advantage is lost as the share of the elderly population increases.
Low dependency ratio is the period of demographic dividend, which provides a window of opportunity to countries to boost productivity and economic growth. A dependency ratio of less than 67% boosts growth.
India is set to ride this wave, with its dependency ratio falling from 75% in 2001 to 65% in 2011. It is projected to fall to 55% in 2021, where it will remain for two decades before beginning to close at 2041 and finally closing in 2061, when the ageing population will push up the dependency ratio above the critical 67%.
While Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which led the demographic transition in India, are already gaining from their shrunken population, they will lose the dividend before the 2040s when their population ages. In sharp contrast, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar will reach a dependency ratio below 67% only by 2021.
With the demographic dividend varying so widely between states, India’s challenge is to implement customised and differential policies that correspond with each state’s level of demographic transition.