Land is the bedrock of tribal agriculture, residence, forest produce, religion and so on. It but since colonization its alienation begin and disrupted tribal life.
Xaxa panel 2014 observations
Causes of alienation
Land acquisition for development projects mining dams industry displaced 24 million from 1951 to 2000. Fernandes 2004.
Creation of national parks. Baigas evicted from Kanha 2015.
Outsiders grab tribal land via fraud money lending marriage debt. K Mishra 2002.
Free spending, poverty and ignorance of tribals facilitates alienation
Consequences. NMS complex uprooted.
Tribals enter vicious cycle of poverty, bonded labour, migration, exploitation. Koltas of Uttarakhand.
Effects tribal identity, mental trauma, role of women, breakdown of social network, religious institutions. Saxena 2009 Alex 2012.
Poor health sanitation and diseases like diarrhoea.
Conflict and Naxal prone
Solutions
Proper implementation of laws. PESA 1996 FRA 2006, V VI schedule. With powers to the gram sabha.
Financial inclusion of tribals
Better rehabilitation under land acquisition act 2013 and review certain provisions
Fast track courts for tribal lands
Ban benami property
Case study. Centre for equity studies 2016.
In Adilabad district Andhra Pradesh. Tribals sell land illegally for health issues, rituals and debt. Outsiders use benami property, money lending, fraud as instruments to grab land. Land transfer Regulation 1959 has failed to stop this phenomena.