73rd. 3 tier. 33% reservation to women. SC ST as per population. 5 year term.
Pesa for tribal areas.
Negative
Women still subject to brother father husband authority but gradually many asserting themselves.
Tribals reduced to minority in some areas. Xaxa report. Chenchus.
Tribal traditional leaders ignored and paraha system is running parallel to panchayat.
T K Ooman study in Rajasthan 1970 revealed that gotra war have seeped in to panchayats.
Niti aayog working group report found that health, child welfare and maternity care is not up to Mark.
Naxal areas still lacking power. Consent violated. Discontent.
Positives
Awareness about powers and their rights
but in others reviving their identity and control of resources is bringing self esteem health education. Paraha and dhumkuria are being revived. Rstv 2016.
Swach bharat success.
Madurai women and dalit Panchayat heads gaining legitimacy and empowerment.
improve voice in elections political participation and compete against local dominant caste. George mathew 2013.
Khap Panchayat authority has diminished significantly in areas like Haryana.
Lakshmi Iyer 2012 and Prachi Mishra has shown that having
Confidence in women to report crimes.
More focus on issues pertinent to women.
R. Chattopadhyay and E. Duflo 2004
more investment in drinking water and health.
Investment reaches SC hamlets.
Second Arc and xaxa report noted.
Funds functions functionaries.
Do not have adequate taxation power or capacity to deliver services and get revenue.
Need role of NGO. K Mathur 2013.
Corruption by Sarpanch.
Members are wage labourers and can't attend meetings.
Centralised schemes and one size fits all.
Govt steps
Gram Swaraj abhiyan.
14th finance Commission funding.
Gram development plan.
Leadership awards.
Sumit Bose Committee recommendations
Full-time panchayat secretary and training rozgar sevaks.
Regular meetings and social audit promotion.
Greater usage of ICT in monitoring and finance management. Create dashboard to monitor performance indicators.