Social change in tribals in colonial and postcolonial age 2

Outsiders moneylenders zamindari. Chhota Nagpur area Mundas and santhals

Commercialization of agriculture. 

Destruction of forest rights led to migration and revolts. 

Christian missionary is in North East. Nagas

Many became plantation labour in Assam tea gardens.

Caste stratification and social position in many tribes. Fg bailey noted how khonds were pushed out to Hinduism by Britishers

Cash economy commercialization land ownership and tribal society. Created indebtedness, exploitation Ave bonded labour. 

Conflict changed tribal demographics. Great andamanese lost five thousand males in battle of Aberdeen.

Many tribes pushed to crimine. Declared criminal tribes act 1871. show some shifted from pastoralism to settled life and others faced harassment mental trauma exploitation. 

TC das 1962. Brush education changed beliefs and customs in chotanagpur. Rising age of marriage. Led to marriage by capture in Hos. Stratification among oraons. Newspapers in Santhali language created Unity. 

Transportation. Market. Legal administration. Welfare department - no longer isolated.