Genetics 1-2

Genetics

Life began 3.5 bya.

Prokaryotes - eg flagellum - do not have internal compartments but internal compartments separated by membranes in a cell of an organism are eukaryotes.

Nucleus. DNA. RNA. mitochondria - food to ATP. mtDNA. Golgi apparatus. Ribosome. Cytoplasm. ENdoplasmic reticullum. Cell membrane.

Eukaryotes 1.2 bya.

RNA has AU&CG.

Somatic cells - RBC, Skin cells, Brain cells. Gametes are sex cells - sperms & ova.

mtDNA comes from ovum & heteroplasmic.

DNA - Phosphate + Sugar + AT&CG base.

Inheritance. Protein synthesis. Regulatory genes- hair growth, lactose intolerance like Homeotic genes regulate other genes & work during embroyo development. Homeotic or hox genes determine structure. disorder = marfan syndrome long finger. Hox complex found in all organisms.

polygenic traits.

Phenotype depends on multiple genes. Genes located at multiple locus of chromosome. Eye colour.
plieotropy is when one gene has multiple effects like marfan syndrome - collagen disorder on chromosome 15 - effect on skeletal visual and cardiovascular systems. PKU allele affects mental ability, hair and skin colour.
Environment also effects genetic expression. Epigenetics is heritable changes without alteration in the genome. environment affects weight, height, skin colour, tooth size, I shape and so on.
Epigenetic changes come from smoking, drinking, nutrition, physical activity, temperature and disease. epigenetic factors influence obesity, birth defects, cancer and diseases. For example vitamin plays role in DNA regulation and deficiency of vitamin creates diabetes and cancel in offspring increases chances.
McDade 2019 poverty effects 10% percent of our genes. Genetic imprinting and epigenetic phenomena.